assessment tools for juvenile offenders

Youth Violence: Risk and Protective Factors. YASI works with a software program that displays YASI results in a circular graph known as the “YASI Wheel”, where each of the ten domains assessed by the tool is represented by a section of the wheel. Some Practical and Theoretical Lessons.” Crime & Delinquency, 53(4), 552-580. Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) User's Manual. Tools developed from the model of risk factors associated with delinquency or developed from models borrowed from developmental psychology offer this advantage. It is in this context of intervention that the tools for identifying youth at risk and assessing the risk of offending/ re-offending become meaningful and that their use becomes highly relevant for researchers and practitioners. The Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS) is a family of tools designed to evaluate young people's social skills, problem behaviours and academic competences. Psychometric analyses have shown that the breakpoints provide adequate classification for 79.25% of young people. Most young people are involved in an offending trajectory that is limited to minor behaviours during adolescence. This tool is currently used by the Ottawa Police Service and in three other northern communities in Canada (Hoge and Andrews). U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Tools from the field of developmental psychology focus on youth development and are based on models that emphasize the assessment of behavioural adequacy and social skills acquisition in children and youth,Footnote 7 as well as on the presence of cognitive and behavioural problems. Most risk assessment instruments will categorize individuals according to risk levels, such as relatively low, moderate, or high risk for re- offending. A similar study was conducted by New York Sate Juvenile Probation Services. Multi-Problem Violent Youth: A Foundation for Comparative Research on Needs, Interventions and Outcomes. Protective factors are rated as either “present” or “absent”. Evaluating changes in the behaviour of young people after they take a prevention program. In Rutter, M. et al. One of the SSBS's limitations is the tool's inability to group results by gender. These tools may have a role in identifying youth at risk of offending, for example the Behavioral and Emotional Screening System (BASC-2 BESS), as well as in assessing the risk of offending in youth identified as being at risk, for example the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2) and the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). Burlington, VT 05401 2008. Santisteban, D. et al. “The Stigmatization of Mental Illness in Children and Parents: Developmental Issues, Family Concerns, and Research Needs.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(7), 714-734. Based on the complexity of the case and the seriousness of the behaviours, practitioners must act in accordance with their professional code and their expertise.Footnote 32 There will always be cases where the practitioner's professional judgment will be his/her best tool.Footnote 33 As pointed out by the Youth Justice Board,Footnote 34 in order to reduce the risks of subjectivity and errors in interpretation, it is important to discuss during team meetings the results obtained and to continuously focus on the reasons and facts that support decisions. This final section is designed to review case progress, and has four sub-sections, as follows: 3770 Victoria Park Ave. “Developmental Criminology Updated.” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 23(1), 115-198. Ottawa: Research and Statistics Division, Justice Canada. This article discusses several risk assessment scales, such as the pcl-r, lsi-r, and hcr-20, used for assessing violent risk of recidivism among offenders on parole and upon intake. The BASC assessment system was designed by Cecil Reynolds and Randy Kamphaus. Telephone: 800-638-3775 A maximum of five factors can be reported. Telephone: 1-800-268-6001 Significant correlations have been found in other studies between the SAVRY Risk Total scores and measures of violence among young male offenders in Canada and among high-risk Native American youth (Fitch 2002). ), Mental Health Screening and Assessment in Juvenile Justice. Classification is an important facet in the supervision of juvenile offenders, serving the same objectives—risk management and treatment planning—as it does for adult offenders. In Grisso T., G. Vincent and D. Seagrave (Eds). A., L. L. Motivk and J. R. O. Ogloff (Eds. This tool is used as part of an early intervention process to screen at-risk youth and plan interventions that are appropriate for these young people. Aldershot: Ashgate, 285-300. Logue, L. Concepts of Risk and Protective Factors. The Youth Assessment and Screening Instrument (YASITM) is a tool designed to analyze and assess risk, needs and protective factors in youth populations. In Loeber, R., N. W. Slot, P. Van Der Laan and M. Hoeve (Eds. Items 7 and 8 are rated on a 3-point scale ranging from 0, “a satisfactory situation with little or no improvement needed”, to 3, “a very unsatisfactory situation with a very clear and strong need for improvement”. One of the methods used in designing identification tools is the behavioural measurement scale. The YASI software is often used as a case planning tool to compile information on referrals, actions and goals, and the progress of youths participating in programs. Certain factors, such as the prevalence of family risk factors and internalized behavioural problems, seem to be more present in girls, confirming the importance of having a gender-specific tool in order to assess these factors.Footnote 44 On the other hand, one meta-analysis based on predictive risk assessment results according to gender has shown that predictive validity varied very little whether the tool was used with boys or girls.Footnote 45, Other experimental and longitudinal studies should focus on analyzing gender specificity in developmental offending trajectories for girls, and to the preponderance, frequency and comorbidity of certain risk factors.Footnote 46. Draft version - may not be distributed without the authors' prior written permission. Web site: http://www.childdevelop.ca/. Williams, S. 2008. Review of Mental Health Screening and Assessment Tools. Montreal, Quebec Further Development of ASSET. Certain tools will also supplement these scales with questions about whether there are risk or problem factors, as well as binary questions where one of the poles describes an appropriate behaviour and the other a problem behaviour. IGT-ADO is an assessment tool used to measure the severity of alcohol and drug problems in adolescents so they can be referred for appropriate treatment. In a delinquency-related field, according to an opinion poll conducted in England by the Royal College of Psychiatrists,Footnote 37 people who suffer from dependencies, in particular alcoholism and substance abuse,Footnote 38 are perceived and labelled by the general public as dangerous and unpredictable. 2003. Youth Justice Board. Once the young student is “classified and compared” with the norm, SSIS findings are then used in the development of an intervention plan. The BASC system includes a definition for all items measured to ensure a uniform understanding of the variables to be assessed. Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, 1 Drummond Gate ASEBA is a reliable instrument for use in youth justice settings (Achenbach 2005): Findings obtained with ASEBA help predict over the long term certain rule breaking behaviours, particularly those involving contact with the police and alcohol or drug use, from childhood to adolescence, or from adolescence to adulthood. “Un nouvel outil pour le dépistage et l'évaluation des difficultés comportementales chez l'enfant: validation préliminaire de l'échelle d'évaluation des dimensions du comportement destinée aux parents.” Revue québécoise de psychologie, 22(2), 5-28. Context for implementing the program and context for using the tool: Is this a school program, family program or community program? They contribute to the defensibility of any decisions made about how to deal with any offender, and ensure that the most reliable assessment of the likelihood and severity of impact is made. It is intended as: This tool is intended for youth aged 5 to 18. 2009. Telephone: 416-603-1827, ext. Toronto, Ontario: Earlscourt Child and Family Centre. Pearson, Assessments for Educational, Clinical and Psychological Use. To obtain more information regarding the required qualifications, the training availability and the required materials (forms, software, manual, training materials, etc. Youth Assessment and Screening Instrument [PowerPoint Presentation]. Items assessed in the YASI Pre-Screen version are organized into the following nine domains: The full assessment is conducted only with youth identified as moderate- or high-risk during the pre-screening. 3112 Prevention of Serious and Violent Juvenile Offending. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada. In terms of problems related to delinquency, there are tools used in the field of youth substance abuse worth noting: Detection of Alcohol and Drug Problems in Adolescents (DEP-ADO) and the Addiction Severity Index for Adolescents (IGT-ADO). In Part I, the assessor also marks the protective factors in the youth's life. Risk-Need-Responsivity Model for Offender Assessment and Rehabilitation. 2008). Beck Youth InventoriesTM - Second Edition. Analyses indicate that girls with a high EARL score tend to show lower levels of change during treatment than girls with a low total-risk score (Koegl et al. Additional information can also be obtained through other information sources (for example child protection services, police, youth justice services, etc.). In fact, only a minority of youth are responsible for most crimes and are on a trajectory toward serious and persistent offending. Results showed that 27.4% of youth at low-risk, 53.3% of those at moderate-risk and 70.2% of those at high-risk were referred to the courts. Koegl, C.J. Qualifications and experience of the program practitioners and skills required to use the tool: What specific skills/training are required to use the tool? Telephone: 1-800-331-8378 This tool is intended for at-risk youth aged 12 to 18. SASSI-A2 works on the basis of cut-off scores to screen young people at risk and to distinguish those with a substance abuse disorder from those at high risk of having a dependence disorder/addiction. Materials are available in English and French. Verification and consent from parents/guardians, Self-assessment for young people and questionnaire for parents/guardians, Questionnaire for young people posing a serious risk of harm to others or themselves, Living arrangements (e.g. The total score obtained on the forms is a reliable and accurate predictor of behavioural, emotional or academic problems for the child or adolescent (Pearson, Assessments for Educational, Clinical and Psychological Use). In 2005, Baker and colleagues published a follow-up study on ASSET (Baker et al. Social Skills: i.e. Pearson, Assessments for Educational, Clinical and Psychological Use. This preliminary profile rapidly identifies the moderate or high-risk cases that will need immediate intervention. These tools are used in the area of youth justice, primarily with young people who have already committed criminal offences or had contact with the police. stream A Canadian Programme for Child Delinquents. This screening version was designed to identify youth at risk and conduct a preliminary assessment to identify the level and nature of interventions required. In contrast to most tools that use scales rating the frequency or presence of risk factors in various areas, ONSET assesses the relationships and links between the young person's behaviour and the risk factors present in his or her life. Web site: http://www.childdevelop.ca/. The starter kit (including manual and questionnaires) is available for US$92. 2005. %���� Assessment item R5 is historical in nature and should be answered based on the juvenile’s lifetime. 2005. This tool is intended for youth aged 6 to 18, as follows:Appendix Footnote 3. The predictive validity of the SASSI-A2 is now sufficiently great and has been demonstrated several times, making it one of the most widely used instruments in addiction treatment centres (Feldstein and Miller 2007). New York: The Guilford Press, Chapter 18., 295-310. YASI's predictive strength has been tested many times. Web site: http://www.pearsonassessments.com/pai/. Telephone : 613-520-5773 Juvenile justice service staff began exploring the use of actuarial risk assessments that classify offenders by the likelihood of future delinquency with earnest in the 1970s, but actuarial risk assessments have been used by public social service agencies in the United States since 1928. The SAVRY is not designed to be a formal test or scale; there are no assigned numerical values nor are there any specified cut-off scores. Indice de gravité d'une toxicomanie (IGT) pour les adolescents et les adolescentes: étude des qualités psychométriques. Crime and Justice Research Paper Series. K4M 1A5 The Behavioural and Emotional Screening System (BASC-2 BESS) is a family of tools used to determine behavioural and emotional strengths and weaknesses in children and adolescents. This scale should be used as a tool by prosecutors to tier juvenile sex offenders who are eighteen (18) or under at the time of ti ering. Schwalbe, C. 2008. This study examined the implementation of risk/needs assessment tools in six juvenile probation offices in two states, and what effects it had on the practices of the probation officers” (p. 1). Based on the structured professional judgment (SPJ) model, the SAVRY helps assist in structuring an assessment so that the important factors will not be missed and, thus, will be emphasized when formulating a final professional judgment about a youth's level of risk (SAVRY Web site). The EARL-21G must be used only by clinicians and professionals experienced in working with very young girls who are at high-risk for delinquent behaviour. Early Assessment Risk Lists for Boys and Girls. In Loeber, R., D. P. Farrington (Eds. Part III: Assessment of Other Needs/Special Considerations. ), Developments in Social Work with Offenders. YLS/CMI training is also available (in English and French). 201 Camelot Lane “Études longitudinales et expérimentales sur les jeunes à risque au Canada: état des connaissances actuelles.” Justice Report, 24(3), 25-29. “The Causes and Correlates Studies: Findings and Policy Implications.” Juvenile Justice Journal, 9(1). Once the young people at risk have been identified, it is recommended that they be more thoroughly assessed, for example, with an assessment tool such as the BASC-2. Items measuring the young person's adjustment focus on positive psychological behaviours, while clinical scale items place more emphasis on externalized and internalized problem behaviours and on problems at school. Pearson, Assessments for Educational, Clinical and Psychological Use. 2008). Thorough risk assessment involves gathering and verifying information, interviewing offenders and collaterals, and applying standardized and validated tools to summarize an offender’s risk level. EARL-20B is used as part of SNAP® Under 12 Outreach Project and EARL-21G is used as part of SNAP® Girls Connection. The full assessment is done only with youth identified as moderate- or high-risk during the pre-screening. At this time, direct supervision by a clinician is indicated. Most of the tools available fall into two main categories: tools for identifying at-risk youth, and tools for assessing the risk of youth offending/re-offending: It is increasingly accepted that the identification of youth presenting risk factors and the assessment of their risk levels are key aspects of an effective crime prevention initiative. Baker, K. et al. Costs are approximately $50 for the user's guide and $40 for the forms. EARL-20B was selected for a National Demonstration Site Project as the preferred tool for screening very young offenders in Florida (Child Development Institute Web site). SSBS is easy to use in educational settings to accurately identify students with social and behavioural problems (Merrell 2001). SAVRY emphasizes dynamic factors and is designed to be useful in intervention planning and monitoring of ongoing progress. Beuhring, T. 2003. For children aged 5 to 10, the tools will mainly focus on factors such as aggressive and violent thinking, pro-social behaviour and the adoption of aggressive behaviour. Problem Behaviours: i.e. Results showed that there was a positive relation between youth risk level and the percentage of youth that reoffended within an 18-month period (Orbis Partners 2007). Toronto, Ontario All factors yield a total maximum score of 42 points. Furthermore, after a few months of participation in a program (three to six), a follow-up and a review can be done using the same tool used for the intake assessment. This tool was designed to assist practitioners in assessing the risks and needs of young offenders so they can subsequently develop tailored intervention plans. Carleton University 2002. 2001). Tools for identifying and assessing the risk of offending among youth discussed in this research report and other related materials are copyrighted. 2002): In one of the tests undertaken to measure the reliability of ASSET, one group of individuals was assessed by several practitioners. These tools help establish targeted selective prevention mechanisms by intervening with a specific youth clientele. This is a multidisciplinary team comprised entirely of professionals experienced in dealing with multi-problem youth and families. Results showed an acceptable level of consistency; however, in some cases, ratings seemed to have been allocated on the basis of perceived problems, rather than on the extent to which these were associated with a likelihood of further offending. The RFPI assesses the risk factors facing young offenders to assist in: This tool is intended for young offenders aged 6 to 15. The study concluded there was “supportive evidence for the reliability of the POSIT in primary care medical settings, although some POSIT scales could likely be improved” (Knight et al. Taylor & Francis Group. 2003. McLaney, M. A. and F. D. Boca. “Pour une vision intégrative des facteurs reliés à l'abandon scolaire.” Revue canadienne de psycho-éducation, 25(1), 61-88. Many researchers consider that tools for screening youth at risk and risk assessment tools work “hand in hand.” Footnote 29. The YLS/CMI is, in a way, the youth version of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) assessment tool used for adult offenders. 1995. Does the program require that risk and protective factors be analyzed for each participant? The ONSET training folder as well as an ONSET booklet and CD can also be ordered online. Lösel, F. 2002. Ratings are then added for a total score, which ranges from 0 to 12 (1 point for each “yes” response). While recognizing their usefulness and scientific foundation, the tools are neither a panacea nor a predictor of future behaviour: they are indicators that are themselves subject to error. As its name indicates, the BASC-2 BESS is a tool used to identify and screen young people at high and very high-risk. The risk assessment instrument (RAI) used by Casey’s Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) assures objectivity and uniformity for this process. The YLS/CMI is organized into seven parts; The Assessment of Risks and Needs is Part I. 2003. Rosslyn, Virginia: Hamilton Fish National Institute on School and Community Violence. http://friendsnrc.org/index.htm. The YASI Pre-Screen version assesses 30 to 33 items organized into the following 7 domains: The YASI Full Assessment version assesses 85 to 88 items organized into the following 10 domains: YASI uses a 4-point scale with ratings of “no risk”, “low-risk”, “moderate-risk” and “high-risk”. Gladman, M. and S. Lancaster. Making an informed selection of a tool requires thorough knowledge of the program's objectives and procedures, as well as respect for the program's mission. All items addressed in SAVRY are drawn from scientific research on the risk and protective factors involved in the development of violence and aggression in youth. BYI-II is a clinical assessment instrument designed to evaluate social and emotional impairment in children and adolescents. Establish an initial distinction, without a diagnosis being necessary, among young people based on their level of risk or how advanced a problem is. Scores are then summed to indicate the level of risk (low, moderate or high). 4. 2001. This tool is intended for girls aged 6 to 12 who are thought to be at risk for future antisocial behaviour. If so, a risk assessment tool must be used. 2007. This continuum helps define three major sub-groups based on the degree of risk (low, moderate and high) for determining intervention duration and intensity. Risk List for Boys Web site: http://www.yjb.gov.uk, All ONSET forms are available on the Youth Justice Board Web site at: http://www.yjb.gov.uk/en-gb/practitioners/Assessment/Onset.htm. IGT-ADO is an assessment tool used to measure the severity of alcohol and drug use and associated problems in adolescents so as to refer them to appropriate treatment. The items measured are outlined below: These items are measured on a 3-point scale, where a rating of 0 indicates the child's behaviour is “absent”, 1 “somewhat or sometimes true”, and 2 “very true or often true”. ASSET is a structured assessment tool used to assess the profile of young offenders who come into contact with the criminal justice system. M6E 3V4 More in-depth knowledge of risk and protective factors would facilitate the selection of tools in order to improve the screening of young people, more accurately assess their level of risk of offending, and implement effectively preventive programs based on research into at-risk youth. This instrument comprises five Beck inventories: BASC-2 is a family of tools used to assess a range of emotional and behaviour problems in young people and to help practitioners and professionals develop appropriate intervention plans. 2006. The information required to complete the YLS/CMI is obtained through interviews with the young offender and family, and reviews of case records (for example, police reports and health care and social service records). ONSET uses a 4-point scale rating the extent to which each particular area is associated with the young person's behaviour, where 0 means not associated at all; 1, occasional association; 2, moderate but definite association; 3, quite strongly associated; and 4, very strongly associated. The risk factors assessed include a mix of dynamic and static risk factors. The more positively a young person responds to the criteria of problem behaviour, the more he or she will be considered to be at risk of offending. 2008). The greater the number of information sources used, the more complete and reliable the assessment will be. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 2002. French translation was realized by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The overall risk score ranges from 0 (no risk) to 7 (extreme risk), corresponding to the child's likelihood of escalating into chronic serious/violent delinquency. (young offenders' self-assessment), Final Warning (used when the youth receives a final warning), Bail Supervision and Support Profile (used for young offenders in a bail supervision and support program). The follow-up questionnaire must be completed by the youth at least two months after the POSIT is first administered. Olver, M. et al. the need for the agency or organization in charge of implementing the program to underline the importance of conducting a good preliminary assessment and that the persons conducting this assessment be properly trained; most practitioners did not have the knowledge required to conduct follow-up assessments; ONSET was not used uniformly: certain pilot sites used ONSET, while others did not; the difficulty of matching targeted interventions to the most significant risk factors in the young person's life, often due to lack of resources. This interaction between volatile temperament and the level of risk of the neighbourhood context is the key to identifying the children who need comprehensive long-term services to prevent escalation into violence. England. %PDF-1.5 By examining the offence or offences committed by the youth, ASSET aims to identify the various risk factors or circumstances that may have contributed to the young offender's behaviour. If so, a risk assessment and monitoring tool must be used. 1999. Two studies have examined the link between SAVRY results and actual recidivism. Youth Assessment and Screening Instrument: Intro, Software, Services, Clients, More info. Therefore, risk assessments by juvenile justice personnel do not take the place of psychological evaluations, which still will be essential for some youth. The YLS/CMI is designed as a standardized checklist to be used with young offenders. In Grisso, T., G. Vincent and D. Seagrave (Eds. This section is concerned with setting specific goals for the youth and the means for achieving these goals. When an adolescent obtains a “red light”, i.e., is identified as having problematic substance use, an exhaustive assessment of drug and alcohol use should be conducted, using, for example, the tool “Addiction Severity Index for Adolescents” (Indice de gravité d'une toxicomanie pour les adolescents - IGT-ADO). all-embracing research literature among offender assessment instruments (An-drews & Bonta, 2003). Le Blanc, M. and R. Loeber. Willan Publishing. ONSET is currently used as part of the Youth Inclusion Program (YIP). Support perceptions with valid and objective data. This tool is intended for youth aged 7 to 18. Clinical Help Line: 888-297-2774 Youth Offender Care Needs Assessment Tool (YO-CNAT): An actuarial risk assessment tool for predicting problematic child-rearing situations in juvenile offenders on the basis of police records. 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